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When soldering galvanized iron, the first step is to prepare the surface properly. This may involve cleaning the area to remove any corrosion, dirt, or impurities that could affect the bond. It's also essential to remove a small portion of the zinc coating at the soldering point to facilitate a better connection between the solder and the base metal.
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In practice, most commercial solar panels achieve efficiencies between 15% and 22%. This discrepancy between theoretical and practical efficiency arises from various losses. One major factor is thermalization loss, which occurs when photogenerated charge carriers (electrons and holes) lose energy in the form of heat before being collected as electrical current. Additionally, there are recombination losses, where charge carriers recombine before contributing to the electric current, and reflective losses, where sunlight bounces off the surface of the cell instead of being absorbed.
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